![]() He refused these gestures, so, in commemoration of this “modesty”, the senators instead ordered that a golden shield be set up in the Senate House inscribed with the qualities that they thought (or hoped) this man embodied: virtue, piety, clemency, and justice. These were the ancient markers of kingship, but this new ruler did not want to be king - or at least had no desire to cultivate the image of despotism. It was a paradoxical gesture, for the cost of this new “golden age” was their democracy itself: from now on, Rome and its empire would be ruled by a single unelected leader.Īt first they tried to placate him and offered him symbols that might hint at what he really was: a crown, a sceptre, and the right to wear a special purple toga. His son is tsarevitch, his daughter is tsarevna.In 27 BC, the Roman Senate, broken and cowed after a generation of bloody civil war, met to vote on how best to honor the man who had brought peace and stability back to their Republic. czarina is 1717, from Italian czarina, from Ger. The transferred sense of "person with dictatorial powers" is first recorded 1866, American English, initially in reference to President Andrew Johnson. The Germanic form of the word also is the source of Finnish keisari, Estonian keisar. This also became frequent in English towards the end of that century, having been adopted by the Times newspaper as the most suitable English spelling. form is now zar French adopted tsar during the 19th c. Commentarii, 1549, the chief early source of knowledge as to Russia in Western Europe, whence it passed into the Western Languages generally in some of these it is now old-fashioned the usual Ger. The spelling with cz- is against the usage of all Slavonic languages the word was so spelt by Herberstein, Rerum Moscovit. First adopted by Russian emperor Ivan IV, 1547. The common title of the emperor of Russia, 1550s, from Russian tsar, from Old Slavic tsesari, from Gothic kaisar, from Greek kaisar, from Latin Caesar. 1500, but as late as the early 19c., before antiseptics and blood transfusions, it had a 50% mortality rate. The operation was prescribed in Rome for cases of dead mothers the first recorded instance of it being performed on a living woman is c. Rather, caesar here may come directly from caesus. But if this is the etymology of the name, it was likely an ancestor who was so born (Caesar's mother lived to see his triumphs and such operations would have been fatal to the woman in ancient times). Thus also legend traces his cognomen to Latin caesus, past participle of caedere "to cut" (see -cide). Supposedly from Caius Julius Caesar, who was said to have been delivered surgically. Section (n.) here has the literal Latin sense of "act or action of cutting," which is attested from 1550s in English but is rare outside of medicine. "delivery of a child by cutting through the abdomen of the mother," 1923, shortening of Caesarian section (1610s) caesar as "baby delivered by caesarian section is from 1530s. Caesar's wife (1570s) as the figure of a person who should be above suspicion is from Plutarch. The use in reference to "temporal power as the object of obedience" (contrasted with God) is from Matthew xxii.21. He competes as progenitor of words for "king" with Charlemagne (Latin Carolus), as in Lithuanian karalius, Polish krol. ![]() Cæsar also is the root of German Kaiser and Russian tsar (see czar). ![]() 1200), from Norse or Low German, and later by the French or Latin form of the name. Old English had casere, which would have yielded modern *coser, but it was replaced in Middle English by keiser (c. The name is of uncertain origin Pliny derives it from caesaries "head of hair," because the future dictator was born with a full one Century Dictionary suggests Latin caesius "bluish-gray" (of the eyes), also used as a proper name. "an emperor, a ruler, a dictator," late 14c., cesar, from Cæsar, originally a surname of the Julian gens in Rome, elevated to a title after Caius Julius Caesar (100 B.C.E.-44 B.C.E.) became dictator it was used as a title of emperors down to Hadrian (138 C.E.). ![]()
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